گرامر: زمان افعال
PRESENT PERFECT
نکات کلیدی
حال کامل برای شرح وقایعی استفاده می‌شود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و تا زمان حال ادامه دارد. یادگیری این فرم از فعل برای نوشتن رایتینگ پزشکی بسیار مهم است. سه حالت از حال کامل که در نامه‌های OET استفاده می‌شود:
| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive | Present Perfect Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Form: have/has+ past participle | Form: have/has+been+present participle (____ing) | Form: have/has +been+ past participle |
| I have treated Mr. Smith at this hospital for 3 years. Dr X has treated Mr. Smith at this hospital for 3 years. | I have been treating Mr. Smith at this hospital for 3 years. Dr X has been treating Mr. Smith at this hospital for 3 years. | Mr. Smith has been treated at this hospital for 3 years(..by Dr X). They have been treated at this hospital for 3 years(..by Dr X). |
حال کامل معمولا با Since، for و over می‌آیند. موارد زیر را مقایسه کرده و به واژه‌های زمانی دقت کنید.
| For | Since | Over |
|---|---|---|
| برای توصیف یک بازه زمانی استفاده می‌شود | برای اشاره به آغاز یک بازه زمانی به کار می‌رود | برای بیان تغییر در وضعیت یا توصیف یک رویداد تکراری به کار می‌رود |
| I have been treating the patient for 3 years. The patient has been on this medication for 6 months. I haven’t seen the patient for 1 year. The patient has been in pain for 5 hours. The patient has been waiting for 15 minutes. He has been complaining of back pain for a week. He has not had bowel motions for 3 days. He has been a smoker for a period of 25 years. | I have been treating the patient since 2016. The patient has been on this medication since January. I haven’t seen this patient since December 2018. The patient has been in pain since 10am. The patient has been waiting since 11.45am. He has been complaining of back pain since last week. He has not had bowel motions since Saturday. He has been a smoker since 1995 | The patient’s condition has deteriorated over the past 3 months.(change in condition) The patient has presented several times over the last year. (repeated event) The patient’s back pain has worsened over the last week.(change in condition) He has tried to quit smoking several times over the past 25 years.(repeated event) The patient has experienced seizures on 3 occasions over the past year.(repeated event) |
Handy Tip !
هنگام استفاده از نشانگرهای زمانی مانند … for the past 20 years، … for the last 3 months, …for the next 3 months or …. for the previous 3 months, همیشه از حرف تعریف “the” استفاده کنید زیرا وظیفه آن تعیین یک دوره زمانی خاص است.
| ✗ Wrong | ✓ Right | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| The patient was diagnosed hypothyroidism since 2017. | The patient has had hypothyroidism since 2017. (present perfect) The patient was diagnosed with hypothyroidism in 2017. (simple past) | Explanation: Past tense cannot be used with for or since |
| She has been problems with arthritis in her hands. | She has been having problems with arthritis in her hands since 2019. (present perfect progressive) She has had problems with arthritis in her hands since 2019.(present perfect simple) | Explanation: Problems in this sentence is a noun so you can not use “been” with a noun. You must use have or has + noun or been+ ___ing verb. You can also use been + adjective |
| He is smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day for the past 25 – 30 years. Over the past week she remains free from severe pain and has been able to tolerate a fluid diet. Also, there is an ulcer on the right lower lateral border of the tongue which is present for more than one year. Mr. Diamond is a patient of mine since 2017. Mr. Eddy is a known smoker for 25-30 years. | He has been smoking two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 25-30 years. (present perfect progressive) Over the past week she has remained free from severe pain and has been able to tolerate a fluid diet. (present perfect simple) There is also an ulcer on the right lower lateral border of the tongue, which has been present for more than one year.(present perfect) Mr Diamond has been a patient of mine since 2017.(present perfect simple) Mr. Eddy has been a smoker for 25 years. (present perfect simple) | Explanation: The verbs in these sentences are in simple present tense. Present perfect needs to be used because you are referring to a time period which started in the past and has continued to the present. |
| Mrs. Brown has been presenting to me on several occasions over the past few months. | Mrs. Brown has presented to me on several occasions over the past few months. | Explanation: Progressive form not required. |
| Case Notes | ✗ Wrong | ✓ Right | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mrs So Fatt Appetite ↑ | Mrs Fatt’s appetite has been increased. Mrs Fatts appetite is increased. Mrs Fatts appetite was increased. | Mrs Fatt’s appetite has increased. Mrs Fatt’s appetite is increasing. | Active | Changes over time |
| Home modifications completed by OT GP appointment scheduled 07/06/21. | Home modifications have completed and GP appointment scheduled for 07/06/21. | Home modifications have been completed and a GP appointment has been scheduled for 07/06/21. | Passive | Recently completed action |
| Mrs. Atrophy General health ↓ | Mrs Atrophy’s health has been deteriorated. Mrs Atrophy’s health was deteriorated recently. | Mrs Atrophy’s health has been deteriorating. Mrs Atrophy’s health has deteriorated recently. | Active | Changes over time |
| Mr Glum Mood ↑ | Mr Glum’s mood has been improved. Mr Glum’s mood is improved. Mr Glum’s mood was improved. | Mr Glum’s mood has been improving. Mr Glum’s mood has improved. | Active | Changes over time |
| Cancer metastasised to liver and L) lung. | The cancer metastised to her liver and left lung. | The cancer has metastised to her liver and left lung. | Active / perfect | Unfinished action |
| Today’s X-ray results show that the fracture was not fully healed. | Today’s X-ray results show that the fracture has not fully healed. | Active | Unfinished action | |
| Mr Headway Admission 1/05/21 Today’s date 23/05/21 Pt’s health ↑ | During hospitalisation Mr Headway is making steady progress. Over the past 3 weeks, Mr Headway’s progress has improved. | During hospitalisation Mr Headway has been making steady progress. During hospitalisation Mr Headway has made steady progress. Over the past 3 weeks, Mr Headway’s condition has improved. | Active / perfect & continuous | Changes over time |
| Santosh has make steady progress and was able to ambulate independently. | Santosh has made steady progress and is now able to ambulate independently. | Active | Note: Combine present perfect with present tense to link the past to the present |
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